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SPINE LCI dataset: Production of plywood boxes

Administrative

Technical System

System Boundaries

Flow Data

About Inventory

Administrative
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Finished Y

Date Completed 02-12-31

Copyright

Availability Public

Technical System
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Name Production of plywood boxes

Functional Unit One plywood box: 52,61 kg

Functional Unit Explanation One Plywood box (Nefab ExPak type-S, 1160 x 1160 x H) weighs 52,61 kg.

This box is used to transport the SKF spherical roller bearing 232/530 from SKFs site in Göteborg to customers around the world.

Process Type Cradle to gate

Site Nefab Emballage ABNordgrens väg 5 822 92 ALFTA SWEDEN

Sector Materials and components

Owner Nefab Emballage ABNordgrens väg 5 822 92 ALFTA SWEDEN

Technical system description Plywood boxes are used to pack the coated and non-coated roller bearings from SKF, Göteborg, during the transportation to customers. The plywood boxes are manufactured by Nefab Emballage AB in Alfta, Sweden.

This dataset includes the following process steps:
(all eight are available in the SPINE@CPM database)
1. Plywood production
2. Virgin Steel Production
3. Hot rolling of steel sheet
4. Pickled hot rolled steel sheet
5. Cold reducing of steel sheets
6. Metal coating of cold reduced steel sheets
7. Production of wood
8. Manufacturing of plywood boxes at Nefab in Alfta

The transports included in this dataset are:
A. Transportation of rawmaterial for plywood production in Russia
B. Transport by truck, train and freighter of plywood from Russia to Alfta in Sweden.
C. Transport by truck of steel from Borlänge to Alfta.
D. Transport by truck of wooden splits from local sawmill to Alfta.
E. Transport by truck of steel nails from Uddevalla to Alfta.

All production of electricity is included in the dataset. Also production of other energy carrier (Diesel, LPG, Heavy fuel oil) is included in the dataset and should not be taken into account.

The plywood boxes consist of the following parts:

Contents per box Weight (kg) % of total weight
Plywood 33.9 64.44
Wooden splits 14.9 28.32
Steel strips 3.7 7.03
Steel nails 0.108 0.21

1. Production of plywood
Plywood is built by wooden veneer sheets, which are crossed and put together through gluing. Characteristic of plywood is very high durability comparing to weight.

Nefab Emballage AB uses plywood (birch wood) from different production plants in St Petersburg, Russia, but no LCI data was available from their Russian suppliers. Instead data for Swedish plywood (pine wood) is used. The used data refers to an EPD of wooden based board, 7 mm pinewood, produced by Edsbyn Träförädling AB [Environmental Product Declaration from Trätek, Sweden -9709077; 1997]. The inventory starts from extraction of resources and ends at the gate of the company.

The raw material for the plywood production must be transported to the production plants in Russia. This has been included in the study and data is obtained from an LCA made at Nefab Emballage AB [Hillvall Maria; Transportförpackningars bidrag till reduktion av miljöbelastningen; Master Thesis at the Technical University of Luleå; 2000.]. Also the transport from Russia to Alfta in Sweden is considered and calculated from above mentioned study. The packaging material however is not included.

2. Virgin Steel Production
Steel nails are used to attach the wooden splits to the plywood box. Steel strips are used to make the box more durable and lasting.
Scanfast AB in Uddevalla, Sweden, supplies the steel nails and Tibnor AB in Borlänge, Sweden supplies the steel strips. All material from the suppliers to Nefab Emballage AB in Alfta is assumed to be transported by truck.
For the steel production of all steel used in the plywood box, data from an earlier LCA study is used [Maria Sunér; Life Cycle Assessment of Aluminium, Copper and Steel; Technical Environmental Planning; Report 1996:6; Chalmers University of Technology; Gothenburg; Sweden]
This dataset is obtained from the SPINE@CPM database.

3. Rolling of steel
4. Pickled hot rolled steel sheets
5. Cold reducing of steel sheets
6. Metal coating of cold reduced steel sheets
When producing the steel strips, the steel from the steel mill is hot rolled, pickled, cold reduced and finally coated at SSAB Tunnplåt`s line in Borlänge. All data for these processes is obtained from an already made LCA at Nefab Emballage AB. The data refers mostly to existing EPDs from SSAB Tunnplåt AB.
The steel nails are assumed not to be coated and thus the only process included after the production of steel is hot rolling of steel sheets.

7. Production of wooden splits
Wooden splits are attached to the bottom of the box to enable forklift handling.
Nefab Emballage AB buys the wooden splits from a local sawmill, Alfta Pall AB, in Alfta, Sweden.
The database in LCAiT - production of 1 kg of wood for package use in Sweden - is used [Tillman et al., Chalmers Industriteknik, Gothenburg, Sweden, 1992. Packaging and the Environment, Tillman et al., Chalmers Industriteknik, Gothenburg, Sweden, 1992.]. The data includes transports and extraction of raw material.

8. Manufacturing of plywood boxes at Nefab in Alfta
At Nefab Emballage AB in Alfta the plywood box is mounted, from its ingoing parts: Plywood, Steel strips, Wooden splits and steel nails.
The used data refers to an EPD from Nefab Emballage AB for the product NEFAB Expak [Environmental Product Declaration from NEFAB Emballage AB; Doc.no.5-073-103. ]. The environmental profile includes emissions from local energy use and internal transportation. The presumed product in the EPD contains plywood (87%) and steel strip (13%).

System Boundaries
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Nature Boundary Emissions to air and to water are included.

The steel used for the steel strips and the nails are assumed to be virgin steel, and is followed from the cradle.

See under each separate subactivity in Function for more detailed information.

Time Boundary The data is gathered during the autumn 2002 and no changes in the procedure are planned for the nearest future.

See under each separate subactivity in Function for more detailed information.

Geographical Boundary The plywood production takes place at different suppliers in the area around St Petersburg, Russia.
Production of steel and wood take place in Sweden.
The final production of the plywood box takes place at Nefab Emballage AB in Alfta, Sweden.

Other Boundaries All production of electricity is included in the dataset. Also production of other energy carrier (Diesel, LPG, Heavy fuel oil) is included in the dataset and should not be taken into account. This includes also the transports.

The transports included in this dataset are:
A. Transportation of rawmaterial for plywood production in Russia (plywood, 100 km by truck and 500 km by train), (glue, 300 km by train)
B. Transport by truck, train and freighter of plywood from Russia to Alfta in Sweden. (truck 467 km, diesel train 77 km, electric train 283 km, freighter 224 km)
C. Transport by truck of steel from Borlänge to Alfta. (114 km)
D. Transport by truck of wooden splits from local sawmill to Alfta. (50 km)
E. Transport by truck of steel nails from Uddevalla to Alfta. (570 km)

Allocations Allocations have been made according to weight and composition from ingoing components (%).

Systems Expansions Not Applicable

Flow Data

General Activity QMetaData
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Date Conceived 02-08-01 - 02-12-31
Data Type Derived, mixed
Represents
Method The data is gathered from interviews with Kjell-Arne Jonsson at Nefab Emballage AB in Alfta. Much of the data is taken from earlier LCA studies. See under the sub activities for more detailed information. Distances and type of transportations are taken from: * Hillvall Maria; Transportförpackningars bidrag till reduktion av miljöbelastningen; Master Thesis at the Technical University of Luleå; 2000. * Weström Pär, Packforsk Consulting AB; Simplified life cycle assessment for the comparison of two packaging alternatives for medium-sized roller bearings; Report no. C00 528; April 2001.

Literature Reference * Hillvall Maria; Transportförpackningars bidrag till reduktion av miljöbelastningen; Master Thesis at the Technical University of Luleå; 2000. * Weström Pär, Packforsk Consulting AB; Simplified life cycle assessment for the comparison of two packaging alternatives for medium-sized roller bearings; Report no. C00 528; April 2001. * Environmental Product Declaration from NEFAB Emballage AB; Doc.no.5-073-103.

Notes

Flow Table and Specific Meta Data
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QMetaData Direction FlowType Substance Quantity Min Max SDev Unit Environment Geography

Input Natural resource Copper in ore 0,00007478 kg Ground

Input Natural resource Iron in ore 0,0003691 kg Ground

Input Natural resource Lead in ore 0,000001329 kg Ground

Input Natural resource Surface water 0,000000003564 kg Ground

Input Natural resource Uranium in ore 0,0006106 kg Ground

Input Natural resource Uranium ore 0,00003546 kg Ground

Input Refined resource Al 0,000629 kg Ground

Input Refined resource Alloy ore 0,0694 kg Other

Input Refined resource Aluminium 0,000007858 kg Technosphere

Input Refined resource Bauxite 0,03749 kg Other

Input Refined resource Bentonite 0,03369 kg Other

Input Refined resource Bentonite 0,00005183 kg Ground

Input Refined resource Biomass 1,897 kg Ground

Input Refined resource Chalice 0,008646 kg Other

Input Refined resource Chalk 0,00001377 kg Ground

Input Refined resource Clay 0,000002949 kg Ground

Input Refined resource Coal 2,861 kg Other

Input Refined resource Crude oil 5,474 kg Ground

Input Refined resource Crude oil, feedstock 0,0000006541 kg Ground

Input Refined resource Diesel 0,000271 kg Other

Input Refined resource Dolomite 0,000003497 kg Other

Input Refined resource Electricity 0,004924 MJ Other

Input Refined resource Electricity 11,07 MJ Technosphere

Input Refined resource Emulsifier 0,00005622 kg Other

Input Refined resource Feldspar 0,000002586 kg Other

Input Refined resource Forest land 112,8 m2 year Ground

Input Refined resource Fuel oil 0,233 kg Other

Input Refined resource Ground water 0,0000001746 kg Ground

Input Refined resource Hard coal 6,559 kg Ground

Input Refined resource HCl 0,003243 kg Technosphere

Input Refined resource Hydro power 0,003512 kg Other

Input Refined resource Hydro power 43,53 MJ Ground

Input Refined resource Iron 0,000008159 kg Technosphere

Input Refined resource Iron ore 10,66 kg Other

Input Refined resource Lignite 5,174 kg Ground

Input Refined resource Lime 0,0004998 kg Technosphere

Input Refined resource Lime 0,000004962 kg Other

Input Refined resource Limestone 0,504 kg Other

Input Refined resource Manganese 0,00000004566 kg Technosphere

Input Refined resource Na2SO4 0,00009111 kg Other

Input Refined resource Natural gas 0,02411 kg Other

Input Refined resource Natural gas 0,9393 kg Ground

Input Refined resource NO3-N 0,2334 kg Other

Input Refined resource Oil 0,001794 kg Technosphere

Input Refined resource Oil 0,004497 kg Other

Input Refined resource Oil 46,56 MJ Technosphere

Input Refined resource Oxygen 0,005849 kg Technosphere

Input Refined resource Peat 0,002324 kg Ground

Input Refined resource Peat 0,00276 kg Other

Input Refined resource Portland soda 0,000004071 kg Other

Input Refined resource Renewable energy source 0,01524 kg Other

Input Refined resource Renewable fuel 337,7 MJ Technosphere

Input Refined resource Sand 0,00002853 kg Other

Input Refined resource Sodium chloride 0,00001376 kg Ground

Input Refined resource Softwood 0,00322 kg Ground

Input Refined resource Solvey soda 0,000004071 kg Other

Input Refined resource Sulphuric acid 0,0008367 kg Technosphere

Input Refined resource Unspecified fuel 0,00007729 MJ Ground

Input Refined resource Uranium 0,00000411 kg Other

Input Refined resource Water 0,01039 kg Other

Input Refined resource Wind power 0,03887 MJ Ground

Input Refined resource Wood 0,00139 kg Ground

Input Refined resource Wood chips 48,43 kg Ground

Input Refined resource Zn 0,21 kg Ground

Output Co-product Steam 0,9578 MJ Technosphere

Output Co-product Steel scrap 0,2413 kg Technosphere

Output Emission Acid as H+ 0,000002949 kg Water

Output Emission Al 0,00005101 kg Water

Output Emission Aldehydes 0,000001071 kg Air

Output Emission Aliphatic HC 0,001117 kg Air

Output Emission Aromates (C9-C10) 0,000001015 kg Water

Output Emission Aromates (C9-C10) 0,000003249 kg Air

Output Emission As 0,000001396 kg Air

Output Emission As 0,000000405 kg Water

Output Emission Ashes 2,12 kg Air

Output Emission B 0,0001961 kg Air

Output Emission Benzene 0,00005991 kg Air

Output Emission Benzo(a)pyrene 0,000000001172 kg Air

Output Emission BOD 0,03725 kg Water

Output Emission BOD5 0,00000643 kg Water

Output Emission Cd 0,000000202 kg Water

Output Emission Cd 0,0000005064 kg Air

Output Emission CH4 0,01276 kg Air

Output Emission Chloride 0,0000009925 kg Water

Output Emission Cl- 0,1579 kg Water

Output Emission CN- 0,0000003407 kg Water

Output Emission CN- 0,0000006014 kg Air

Output Emission CO 0,4703 kg Air

Output Emission Co 0,0000001018 kg Water

Output Emission Co 0,0000005161 kg Air

Output Emission CO2 33,82 kg Air

Output Emission COD 0,07862 kg Water

Output Emission Cr 0,000001248 kg Water

Output Emission Cr 0,000001713 kg Air

Output Emission Cr3+ 0,000001199 kg Air

Output Emission Cr3+ 0,000001817 kg Water

Output Emission Cu 0,000003756 kg Air

Output Emission Cu 0,0000008408 kg Water

Output Emission Dioxin 0,00000000001453 kg Air

Output Emission Dissolved organic carbon 2,533E-14 kg Water

Output Emission Dissolved solids 0,004023 kg Water

Output Emission Dust 0,04475 kg Air

Output Emission F- 0,00003825 kg Water

Output Emission Fe 0,0006746 kg Air

Output Emission Fe 0,008029 kg Water

Output Emission Fluorides 0,000000003764 kg Air

Output Emission Fluorides 0,0000005079 kg Water

Output Emission H2S 0,00000001116 kg Water

Output Emission H2S 0,0000007161 kg Air

Output Emission HC 0,00164 kg Air

Output Emission HCl 0,001248 kg Air

Output Emission Heavy metals 4,723E-19 kg Air

Output Emission HF 0,0002966 kg Air

Output Emission Hg 0,000001091 kg Air

Output Emission HNO3 0,0000001376 kg Water

Output Emission Hydrocarbons 0,07608 kg Air

Output Emission Hydrocarbons 0,000003564 kg Water

Output Emission Iron 0,0000003603 kg Water

Output Emission Metals 0,0000004909 kg Water

Output Emission Metals 0,00000009819 kg Air

Output Emission Methane 0,06551 kg Air

Output Emission Mg 0,00005783 kg Air

Output Emission Mn 0,00001475 kg Water

Output Emission Mn 0,000002105 kg Air

Output Emission Mo 0,000000272 kg Air

Output Emission N total 0,00166 kg Water

Output Emission N2O 0,0008263 kg Air

Output Emission Na+ 0,00000008297 kg Water

Output Emission NaCl 0,0000004303 kg Water

Output Emission NH3 0,0000003076 kg Water

Output Emission NH3 0,000006399 kg Air

Output Emission NH4+ as N 0,00005596 kg Water

Output Emission NH4-N 0,00003454 kg Water

Output Emission NH4NO3 0,00001004 kg Water

Output Emission NH4NO3 0,000002745 kg Air

Output Emission Ni 0,000001995 kg Water

Output Emission Ni 0,00002204 kg Air

Output Emission Nitrogen 0,00000219 kg Water

Output Emission NMVOC 0,01162 kg Air

Output Emission NMVOC, diesel engines 0,0002949 kg Air

Output Emission NMVOC, natural gas combustion 0,00006183 kg Air

Output Emission NMVOC, oil combustion 0,01778 kg Air

Output Emission NMVOC, petrol engines 3,621E-14 kg Air

Output Emission NMVOC, power plants 0,0001646 kg Air

Output Emission NO2-N 0,000002179 kg Water

Output Emission NO3- as N 0,00000002977 kg Water

Output Emission NOx 0,2225 kg Air

Output Emission N-tot 0,0001609 kg Water

Output Emission Oil 0,003383 kg Water

Output Emission Oil 0,00002153 kg Air

Output Emission Olivine 0,00001411 kg Water

Output Emission Other organics 0,002652 kg Water

Output Emission Other organics 0,0000002433 kg Air

Output Emission P total 0,000001774 kg Water

Output Emission PAH 0,0000008066 kg Air

Output Emission Particles 0,02506 kg Air

Output Emission Particles 0,000003644 kg Water

Output Emission Pb 0,000003357 kg Water

Output Emission Pb 0,000005264 kg Air

Output Emission Phenol 0,0000001146 kg Air

Output Emission Phenol 0,0000006513 kg Water

Output Emission Phosphorus 0,0003729 kg Air

Output Emission PO43- 0,000009475 kg Water

Output Emission P-tot 0,000001962 kg Water

Output Emission Radioactive 1381000 Bq Water

Output Emission Radioactive 186400000 Bq Air

Output Emission Radon-222 957,5 Bq Air

Output Emission Rn-222 551100 Bq Air

Output Emission Sb 0,00000000122 kg Water

Output Emission Sb 0,0000002491 kg Air

Output Emission Se 0,000002977 kg Air

Output Emission Sn 0,0000000448 kg Air

Output Emission Sn 0,00009562 kg Water

Output Emission SO2 0,2316 kg Air

Output Emission SO4 2- 0,001407 kg Water

Output Emission SO42- 0,05615 kg Water

Output Emission Sodium chloride 0,01789 kg Water

Output Emission SOx 0,001632 kg Air

Output Emission Sr 0,000002018 kg Air

Output Emission Sr 0,00004729 kg Water

Output Emission Susp solids 0,00004575 kg Water

Output Emission Suspended solids 0,01608 kg Water

Output Emission Th 0,00000003206 kg Air

Output Emission Tl 0,000000005525 kg Air

Output Emission Tot-CN 0,000001314 kg Water

Output Emission U 0,00000003077 kg Air

Output Emission V 0,0000002858 kg Water

Output Emission V 0,00005262 kg Air

Output Emission VOC 0,03573 kg Air

Output Emission VOC, coal combustion 0,000004852 kg Air

Output Emission VOC, diesel engines 0,0001341 kg Air

Output Emission VOC, natural gas combustion 3,779E-13 kg Air

Output Emission Zn 0,00001937 kg Water

Output Emission Zn 0,00002191 kg Air

Output Product plywood box 52,61 kg Technosphere

Output Residue Ashes 0,0004614 kg Technosphere

Output Residue Bulky 2,018 kg Technosphere

Output Residue Chemicals 0,00001546 kg Technosphere

Output Residue Demolition 0,0003495 kg Technosphere

Output Residue Hazardous 0,3879 kg Technosphere

Output Residue Hazardous waste 0,1576 kg Technosphere

Output Residue Highly active rad ac waste 0,00000000002761 kg Ground

Output Residue Highly radioactive 0,0002329 kg Technosphere

Output Residue Highly radioactive 0,0149 cm3 Ground

Output Residue Highly radioactive 0,0000000009455 kg Ground

Output Residue Industrial 2,847 kg Technosphere

Output Residue Low radioactive 0,1699 cm3 Ground

Output Residue Medium radioactive 0,1699 cm3 Ground

Output Residue Medium radioactive 0,000000005156 kg Ground

Output Residue Mineral 0,0002004 kg Technosphere

Output Residue Mining waste 0,07451 kg Technosphere

Output Residue Other 0,552 kg Technosphere

Output Residue Other rest products 0,366 kg Technosphere

Output Residue Radioactive 0,00139 kg Technosphere

Output Residue Radioactive waste 0,0001927 kg Ground

Output Residue Rubber 0,000002347 kg Technosphere

Output Residue Scrap 0,02811 kg Technosphere

Output Residue Slags & ashes 0,01089 kg Technosphere

Output Residue Slags & ashes (energy production) 0,4652 kg Technosphere

Output Residue Slags & ashes (waste incineration) 0,00000003006 kg Technosphere

Output Residue Sludge 0,0005239 kg Technosphere

Output Residue Solid 0,5641 kg Technosphere

Output Residue Steel 0,8125 kg Technosphere

Output Residue Waste 4,962 kg Technosphere

Output Residue Wood 4,129 kg Technosphere

About Inventory
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Publication Master thesis: LCA based solution selection; Helene Berg and Sandra Häggström, Chalmers University of Technology, December 2002.
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Data documented by Helene Berg, M Sc. student at Chalmers University of Technology and SKF.
Documentation reviewed by Karolina Flemström, Industrial Environmental Informatics, Chalmers University of Technology. Published in SPINE@CPM 2003-02-18.

Intended User Product developers at SKF.

General Purpose The data documentation is accomplished as a part of the thesis work ’’LCA-based solution selection’’, performed at Chalmers University of Technology by Helene Berg and Sandra Häggström.

Detailed Purpose The detailed purpose for our study is to compare a coated spherical roller bearing (232/530) to a non-coated, from cradle to grave. Both types of bearings are packed in a plywood box. We have chosen paper machines as user phase. The bearing is mounted on a soft calender roll in both cases.

Commissioner Victoria Wikström - SKF Sverige AB D1S3 415 50 Göteborg .

Practitioner Helene Berg - .

Reviewer Olle Ramnäs -

Applicability The dataset is applicable to plywood boxes of this dimension manufactured by Nefab Emballage AB in Alfta, Sweden.
Care must be taken since transportation is included in the dataset. Raw material must thus come from the same suppliers or suppliers in the same area.

About Data The data is gathered from interviews with Kjell-Arne Jonsson at Nefab Emballage AB in Alfta.
Much of the data is taken from earlier LCA studies. See under the subactivities for more detailed information.
Distances and type of transportations are taken from:

* Hillvall Maria; Transportförpackningars bidrag till reduktion av miljöbelastningen; Master Thesis at the Technical University of Luleå; 2000.

* Weström Pär, Packforsk Consulting AB; Simplified life cycle assessment for the comparison of two packaging alternatives for medium-sized roller bearings; Report no. C00 528; April 2001.

Notes

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